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1)
Intergeneric hybridization between Sinapis alba and Brassica
napus.
Jack Brown, Angela P. Brown, Jim B. Davis & Donna Erickson. 1996
Department
of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho,
Moscow, Id 83844- 2339, USA. Euphytica
00: 1-6 .
2)
Gene
transfer between canola (Brassica napus L. and B. campestris
L.) and related weed species. Jack Brown and Angela P.
Brown. 1996. Ann. appl. Biol. 129:513-522.
3)
Heterosis in spring canola hybrids grown in northern
Idaho.
Kathleen P. Starmer, Jack Brown, and Jim B. Davis. 1998. Crop
Science 38:376-380.
4)
Effect
of late season insect infestation on yield, yield components and oil
quality of Brassica napus, B. rapa, B. juncea and Sinapis
alba in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.
1999. J. of Agric. Sci, Cambridge, 132:281-288.
5)
Assesment of Sinapis alba, Brassica napus and S. alba X B.
napus hybrids for resistance to cabbage seedpod weevil,
Ceutorhynchus assimilis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J.P
McCaffrey, B.L. Harmon, J. Brown, A.P. Brown and J. B. Davis.
1999. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge, 132:289-295.
6)
Predicting decreases in Canola (Brassica napus and B. rapa)
oil and meal quality caused by contamination by Brassicaceae weed
seeds. 1999. Weed Technology 13: 243.
7)
Effects
of swathing on yield and quality of spring canola in northern idaho.
Jack Brown, Jim B. Davis, Donna Erickson, and Angela P. Brown.
1999. Journal of Production Agriculture v.12, no. 1:33-37.
1) Intergeneric hybridization between Sinapis alba and
Brassica napus.
Jack Brown, Angela P. Brown, Jim B. Davis & Donna Erickson. 1996
Department
of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho,
Moscow, Id 83844- 2339, USA. Euphytica
00: 1-6 .
Abstract:
Researchers have conclusively shown that Sinapis alba (commonly
known as yellow mustard) has many agronomic traits which would be
beneficial if transferred to rapeseed (Brassica napus L.).
S. alba is resistant or tolerant to all major insect pests of
Brassica crops in the Pacific Northwest region of the United
States of America. It is also tolerant of high temperatures and
drought stress, is shatter resistant and capable of high seed yield
without the need for insecticides and herbicides. However, S.
alba is considerably lower in oil content and lacks the high oil
quality and seed meal quality of rapeseed (i.e. canola). This
paper describes a combination of ovary culture and embryo rescue
techniques used to develop fertile hybrid plants from the intergeneric
cross between S. alba and B. napus. The hybrids
were intermediate between both parents for presence of trichomes, leaf
shape and color, seed size, pod shape, and seed oil content, showing
expression of traits from both parental species. Hybrid plant
tissue and seed contained all types of glucosinolate that exists in
either B. napus or S. alba, at the same or higher level
to the parental species. These hybrid crosses offer the
potential for combining the desirable oil and glucosinolate qualities
of B. napus with insect and disease resistance characters of
S. alba.
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2) Gene
transfer between canola (Brassica napus L. and B. campestris
L.) and related weed species. Jack Brown and Angela P.
Brown. 1996. Ann. appl. Biol. 129:513-522.
Abstract:
Brassica species are particularly receptive to gene transformation
techniques. There now exists canola genotypes with transgenic
herbicide resistance for glyphosate, imidazolinone, sulfonylurea and
glufosinate herbicides. The main concern of introducing such
herbicide resistance into commercial agriculture is the introgression
of the engineered gene to related weed species. The potential of
gene transfer between canola (Brassica napus and B. rapa)
and related weed species was determined by hand pollination under
controlled greenhouse conditions. Canola was used as both the
male and female parent in crosses to the related weed species
collected in the Inland Northwest region of the United States.
Weed species used included: field mustard (B. rapa), wild
mustard (S. arvensis) and black mustard (B. nigra).
Biological and cytological aspects necessary for successful hybrid
seed production were investigated including: pollen tubes to the
ovule; ovule fertilization; embryo and endosperm developmental stages.
Pollen germination was observed in all 25 hybrid combinations.
Pollen tubes were found in the ovary of over 80% of combination.
About 30% of the hybrid combinations developed to the heart stage of
embryo development or further. In an additional study involving
transgenic glufosinate herbicide resistant B. napus and field
mustard it was found that hybrids occurred with relatively high
frequency, hybrids exhibited glufosinate herbicide resistance and a
small proportion of hybrids produced self fertile seeds. These
fertile plants were found to backcross to either canola or weed
parent.
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3) Heterosis in spring canola hybrids grown in northern idaho.
Kathleen P. Starmer, Jack Brown, and Jim B. Davis. 1998. Crop
Science 38:376-380.
Abstract:
Spring
canola acreage has increased in the Pacific Northwest over the past 5
years. Traditional cultivars are inbred lines, although a high
proportion of newer cultivars are hybrids. This study examined
the magnitude of heterosis in spring canola to determine the potential
advantage of hybrid cultivars. Four inbred cultivars, with
diverse geographic origins of development, were hand-pollinated in a
diallel design. Performance of F1 hybrids and their
respective inbred parents were evaluated under greenhouse conditions.
Field trials were conducted at two locations to compare F1
hybrids and F2 progeny with inbred parents. Positive
heterosis was found for yield, oil content, and oil quality, with the
highest degree of heterosis observed for yield. Hybrids and F2
progeny produced higher yield than inbred parents because of increased
pod number (primarily on the main raceme), larger seeds, and later
maturity. However, the magnitude of heterosis observed varied
between hybrids. Inbred and hybrid cultivars also were compared
in the Pacific Northwest Regional Canola Variety Trials. In
these trials, the most adapted hybrids had a yield advantage compared
with the most productive inbred cultivars. However, average
yield and oil content of hybrids were not significantly different from
inbred cultivars. Inbred cultivars tended to have higher oil
content and matured earlier. Introduction of hybrid canola
cultivars in the Pacific Northwest region has potential to increase
canola acreage and grower profit. However, choice of hybrid
parents and economics of high quality hybrid seed production will be
important factors in hybrid canola cultivar development and
acceptance.
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4) Effect of late
season insect infestation on yield, yield components and oil quality
of Brassica napus, B. rapa, B. juncea and Sinapis alba
in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. J. Brown,
J.P. McCaffrey, B.L. Harmon, J.B. Davis, A.P. Brown and D. Erickson.
1999. J. of Agric. Sci., Cambridge. 132:281-288.
Abstract:
The effect of late season insect
infestation on seed yield, yield components, oil content and oil
quality of two canola species (Brassica napus L. and B. rapa
L.) and two mustard species (B. juncea L. and Sinapis alba
L.) was examined over 2 years. In each year, ten genotypes from
each species were evaluated with late season insects controlled with
either methyl parathion or endosulfan insecticides, and without
insecticides. Major late season insect damage in 1992 was caused
by cabbage seedpod weevil (Ceutorhynchus assimilis Paykull),
while diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) and aphids
(primarily cabbage aphids, Brevicoryne brassicae L.) were major
insect pests in 1993. Insecticide application was very effective
in controlling diamondback moth larvae and adult cabbage seedpod
weevils, but only partially effective in controlling aphids.
Higher numbers of diamondback moth larvae were observed on mustard
species compared to canola species. S. alba was
completely resistant to cabbage seedpod weevil and there was no damage
due to this pest observed. Aphid colonization was observed on
plants from all species, but infestation on S. alba and B.
rapa occurred too late to have a major effect on seed yield.
Seed oil content of canola species was significantly reduced by insect
damage although oil quality (indicated by fatty acid profile) was not
affected by insect attack. Uncontrolled insect infestation
reduced seed yield of canola species by 37 and 32% in B. napus
and B. rapa, respectively. Least yield reduction occurred
in S. alba, where average yield reduction from plants in
untreated control plots was < 10% of insecticide treated plants.
S. alba, therefore, has good potential as an alternative crop
suitable for Northern Idaho because it can be grown with reduced late
season insecticide application.
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5) Assessment of Sinapis alba,
Brassica napus and Sinapis alba X B. napus hybrids for
resistance to cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus assimilis
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J.P. McCaffrey, B.L. Harmon, J. Brown,
A.P. Brown, and J.B. Davis. 1999. J. of Agric. Sci., Cambridge.
132:289-295.
Abstract:
Canola (Brassica
napus L.), yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and
intergeneric crosses of S. alba X B. napus were assessed
for resistance (antixenosis) to the cabbage seedpod weevil (Ceutoryhnchus
assimilis Paykull). Pod trichomes did not appear to be a
major factor in the resistance of Sinapis alba to weevils.
The number of feeding punctures and eggs per pod in S. alba was
not significantly different in pods with trichomes than in those where
the trichomes had been removed. Choice and no-choice laboratory
tests examining feeding punctures and eggs laid per pod suggested that
resistance in S. alba is not conferred in the intergeneric
cross, S. alba X B. napus. Similar data on feeding and
weevil oviposition were found in field test plots. However,
despite many eggs being laid in S. alba X B. napus hybrid
plants, fewer cabbage seedpod weevil larvae developed to exit the
intergeneric hybrid pods. Glucosinolate analyses of leaves, pods
and seeds showed that S. alba plants have a high concentration
of p-hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate in all three plant parts, but
B. napus has no p-hydroxybenzyl. Interestingly the
intergeneric hybrid examined in this study had 62% and 60% of p-hydroxybenzyl
concentration in the leaves and seeds, respectively, than was found in
the S. alba parent. However, pod tissues contained very
little (3%) compared with the , S. alba parent. It is
possible, therefore, that the adult cabbage seedpod weevil feeds on
the pods of the intergeneric hybrid and lays eggs in the pods, because
of the low concentration of p-hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate, but
the larvae then fail to develop as they feed on the seeds containing
high concentrations of p-hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate. It
should be noted also that this hybrid produced pods that were more
similar in physical shape to canola pods and that this may also be a
factor determining cabbage seedpod weevil feeding and subsequent egg
laying. In addition, both B. napus and the intergeneric
hybrid produced 3-butenyl and 4-pentenyl glucosinolates in their pods,
and degradation products (3-butenyl, and 4-pentenyl isothiocyanates)
from these glucosinolate types, are known to be stimulatory kairomones
that attract cabbage seedpod weevils. Further studies are being
conducted to examine these factors in more detail.
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6)
Predicting decreases in Canola (Brassica napus and B. rapa)
oil and meal quality caused by contamination by Brassicaceae weed
seeds. 1999. Weed Technology 13: 243.
Abstract:
Canola
(edible rapeseed) crops are often infested by related weed species.
This paper addresses effects that seeds from various Brassicaceae
weeds may have on canola oil and meal quality. Seeds of common
Brassicaceae weeds were collected from canola fields throughout
northern Idaho. These were wild mustard, black mustard,
birdsrape mustard, shepherd's-purse, flixweed, tumble mustard, and
field pennycress. Collected seeds were physically described by
weight, size, and shape and were analyzed for oil concentration, fatty
acid composition, and glucosinolate concentration. Seed weights
ranged from 0.1 to 2g/1,000 seed. Oil concentration in the weed
seeds ranged from 25 to 38%, with erucic acid levels ranging from less
than 1 to 47%. Glucosinolate concentration in the mustard weed
seeds was over 100 µmoles/g
oil-free meal, except for shepherd's-purse, which had only 3.4
µmol/g.
Using these data, a simple model predicts that both canola oil and
seed meal quality can be adversely affected by contamination with weed
seeds. Increased erucic acid concentration in modeled admixtures
was the most likely oil quality problem associated with weed seed
contamination. Glucosinolate concentration in modeled admixtures
was higher than acceptable only in those admixtures that also had
erucic acid levels that exceeded canola quality standards.
Canola-quality oil and seed meal can be maintained with conspicuous
weed seed mixtures up to the 2% maximum allowed in U.S. No. 1 canola.
However, canola-quality oil and seed meal as not achieved when a 5%
weed seed mixture allowed in No. 2 canola was evaluated with the
model.
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7) Effects of swathing on yield and quality of spring
canola in northern idaho.
Jack Brown, Jim B. Davis, Donna Erickson, and Angela P. Brown.
Journal of Production Agriculture v.12, no. 1:33-37.
Abstract:
Spring
canola (Brassica napus L.) is a new crop in the Pacific
Northwest and growers have adopted cultural practices used in western
Canada where spring canola (or rapeseed) must be swathed to hasten
maturity and avoid frost damage. The aim of this study was to
evaluate the effect of pre-harvest swathing on the seed yield and seed
quality, and determine the best time to swath in northern Idaho, if
swathing is needed. Five spring canola cultivars were planted in
1992 and 1993 to compare seed yield and quality of swathed and direct
harvest crops. In 1994, commercial agricultural machinery was
used in larger plots, to compare seed yield and quality from three
different swathing dates with direct harvest. In 1992, directly
harvested canola had higher yields than swathed canola. The
following year, yield of directly harvested and swathed canola were
not different. In commercial scale trials, yield loss was
linearly related to time of swathing with least reduction occurring
when swathed at 60 to 80% brown seed, and most yield loss occurring
when swathed at 10 to 20% brown seed. Therefore, optimal
swathing time would be when most seeds were brown. Swathing
canola resulted in smaller seed and greater chlorophyll content.
However, swathed crops had lower seed moisture content, which may ease
harvest operations. We recommend that canola should only be
swathed in northern Idaho in cool and wet growing seasons, where
harvest is delayed.
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